Off-target effects in gene editing refer to unintended alterations in the genome at sites other than the intended target. These can occur when the gene editing tool, such as CRISPR-Cas9, binds and cuts DNA sequences that are similar but not identical to the target sequence. Off-target effects can lead to unintended genetic changes, which may cause unintended consequences such as gene disruption, mutations, or altered gene expression, potentially resulting in adverse effects. Reducing off-target effects is a key focus in developing safer and more precise gene editing technologies.
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